Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies globally, especially in vegans, vegetarians, and adults over 50 (absorption drops with age).
B12 deficiency prevalence: 62% in pregnant vegetarians, 25-86% in children, 21-41% in adolescents, 11-90% in elderly. Supplementation effectively reverses status.
Long-term metformin use significantly increased B12 deficiency risk (OR 2.92). Annual B12 testing recommended for chronic metformin users.
Oral B12 at adequate doses is as effective as intramuscular injection for correcting deficiency in most patients without absorption issues.
We prioritize randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses over single observational studies. Animal and in-vitro data are listed as "mechanistic", they suggest direction, not human effect size.
We don't cherry-pick favourable studies, omit conflicting evidence, or cite industry-funded trials without flagging the conflict of interest where known.
The research is one thing, what to take, at what dose, paired with what, is another. We compose stacks that turn the evidence into a daily routine.
Studies referenced are real published research. Summaries are paraphrased for accessibility, for exact methods and full text, click through to PubMed. Educational use only, not medical advice. Consult a qualified clinician before starting any new supplement.